Chapter I General Provisions
The first one is to establish a sound and reasonable transmission and distribution price mechanism, promote the development of power grids, improve the efficiency of power grid enterprises, and maintain the safe and stable operation of power grids. According to the relevant laws and administrative regulations of the State and the Notice of the State Council on Printing and Reforming the Power System Reform Plan ( Guofa [2002] No. 5) and the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on the Reform Plan for the Power Generation Price (Guo Ban Fa [2003] No. 62) formulated these Measures.
Article 2 The term “transmission and distribution price†as used in these Measures refers to the general price of the price provided by the grid operation enterprise for access systems, networking, power transmission and sales services.
Article 3 The transmission and distribution price shall be formulated by the government, and a unified policy shall be implemented and managed hierarchically.
Article 4 The grid transmission and distribution business shall gradually implement independent accounting in finance.
Article 5 The transmission and distribution price shall be formulated on the principle of “reasonable cost, reasonable profit, taxation according to law and fair burdenâ€, which is conducive to guiding the investment of the power grid, improving the structure of the power grid, promoting the establishment and development of the regional power market, and satisfying the national economy and society. The need for development.
Article 6 These Measures are applicable to power grid operating enterprises approved by law in the People's Republic of China.
Chapter II Transmission and Distribution Price System
Article 7 The transmission and distribution price is divided into the price of the transmission and distribution service of the shared network, the price of the special service and the price of the auxiliary service.
Article 8 The price of the transmission and distribution service of the shared network refers to the price at which the power grid operator provides power transmission and distribution and sales services to the power users accessing the shared network. After the transmission and distribution are separated, the transmission price and distribution price should be separately formulated.
Article 9 The price of special service refers to the price at which a grid operation enterprise provides services for a specific user by using a special facility, which is divided into three categories: access price, special project transmission price and network price. The access price refers to the price at which the grid operator provides access to the system for the power plant.
The special project transmission price refers to the price at which the grid operation enterprise uses special projects to provide power transmission services.
The network price refers to the price at which grid operators use dedicated networking projects to provide networking services between power grids.
Article 10 The price of ancillary services refers to the price at which electric power enterprises provide paid supplementary services, and the method shall be formulated separately.
Chapter III Determination of Transmission and Distribution Price
Article 11 In the initial stage of electricity price reform, the transmission and distribution price of the shared network shall be determined by the average sales price of the grid (excluding government funds that are collected), after deducting the average purchase price and transmission and distribution losses, and gradually transition to the cost plus revenue management mode.
Article 12 During the transition from the transmission and distribution prices to the cost plus income management mode, the current transmission and distribution costs and the power grids with large gaps in transmission and distribution prices will gradually adjust the transmission and distribution prices.
Article 13 Under the cost plus income management mode, the government price department shall supervise the overall income of the power transmission and distribution business of the power grid operating enterprise, and formulate various types of transmission and distribution prices based on the approved permitted income.
Article 14 The permitted income of the shared network services and special services shall be separately determined, and the permitted income shall consist of the permitted costs, permitted income and taxes.
Article 15 The permitted cost consists of depreciation expenses and operation and maintenance expenses. Among them, the depreciation charge is based on the original value of depreciable fixed assets and the depreciation rate set by the competent pricing department of the State Council approved by the competent government price department. The operating and maintenance costs are in principle the average social cost of the grid-operated enterprises. Based on the approval.
Article 16 The permitted income is equal to the effective assets multiplied by the weighted average cost of funds.
The effective assets are verified by the government price department, including the fixed assets net worth, current assets and intangible assets (including the value of land use rights, patent and non-patent technology value), excluding the auxiliary industry that should be separated from the grid operating enterprises, and more And the three production assets. Investment in construction projects shall be included in the effective assets according to the actual effective investment in the previous year.
Effective investment refers to investment that has been approved by the competent government department and meets the requirements of project approval and bidding laws.
Weighted average cost of capital (%) = cost of equity capital × (1 - gearing ratio)
+ debt capital cost × asset-liability ratio
The cost of equity capital is determined based on the risk-free rate of return plus the rate of return on risk. Initially, the interest rate of long-term government bonds plus a certain percentage point is determined; the cost of debt capital is determined according to the long-term loan interest rate stipulated by the state. When the conditions are ripe, the weighted average cost of capital of the grid operation enterprise is verified according to the normal financing cost of the capital market.
Article 17 Taxes shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State.
Chapter IV Sharing Network Transmission and Distribution Price
Article 18 The transmission and distribution prices of the shared network shall be periodically verified on the basis of the grid assets corresponding to the transmission and distribution functions.
The common network in the regional power grid uniformly sets the transmission price according to the stamp law, and the provincial distribution price is determined by the provincial price. Transmission and distribution losses are verified according to the voltage level and are included in the sales price.
Article 19 The transmission and distribution prices of the shared network shall be uniformly formulated according to the voltage level, and the next voltage level shall be reasonably allocated to the cost of the previous voltage level. The same voltage level in the same area is implemented at the same price.
Chapter V Special Service Price
Article 20 After bidding online, in order to facilitate fair competition among power generation enterprises, the access system project shall be invested and constructed by the power grid operating enterprise, and the access price shall be implemented; if the power generation enterprise invests and constructs, the access price shall not be implemented.
Article 21 The access price shall be formulated on the basis of the permitted income of the access system project approved by the competent government price department, and the single-capacity electricity price shall be implemented and paid by the power plant of the access system.
Article 22 The special project transmission price shall be formulated on the basis of the permitted income approved by the competent government price department, and the two-part transmission price shall be implemented and paid by the user of the project.
When two or more users share the special project transmission, the permitted income shall be apportioned according to the proportion of the transmission capacity used by the parties.
Article 23 The network price shall be based on the approved permitted income and shall be formulated in two cases.
(1) There is no networked project for long-term electricity trading, and the network price is subject to a single-capacity electricity price, which is paid by both parties.
(2) Networking projects with long-term electricity trading, and the two-system electricity price is implemented at the network price. The networked capacity electricity price is the price set for the networked backup service, which is paid by both parties to the network; the connected electricity price is the price set for the long-term electricity delivery service and is paid by the power grid.
Article 24 The interconnection expenses paid by the two parties to the network shall be recovered through the transmission and distribution price of the shared network.
Chapter VI Transmission and Distribution Price Management
Article 25 The transmission and distribution price of the shared network, the interconnection price and the transmission price of the special transmission project shall be formulated by the competent pricing department of the State Council; the access price for accessing the inter-provincial power grid shall be formulated by the competent pricing department of the State Council and connected to the provincial power grid. The access price shall be submitted by the provincial price authority and reported to the competent pricing department of the State Council for examination and approval. The distribution price of an independent power distribution enterprise shall be formulated by the provincial price authority.
Article 26 For major decisions on transmission and distribution prices, the competent pricing department of the State Council shall fully listen to the opinions of the power regulatory authorities, the power industry associations and relevant market entities; the power regulatory authorities shall, in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant provisions of the State Council, The department proposed to adjust the price of electricity.
Article 27 The competent pricing departments and power supervision departments at all levels shall supervise and inspect the transmission and distribution prices according to their respective duties.
Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions
Article 28 These Measures shall be interpreted by the National Development and Reform Commission.
Article 29 All localities may, in accordance with these Measures, formulate implementation rules in accordance with actual conditions and report to the National Development and Reform Commission for approval.
Article 30 These Measures shall be implemented as of May 1, 2005.
The authenticity of this information has not been confirmed by the international electrical network, for your reference only.
From: China Electricity
Resistive Touch Screen
The outermost layer of resistance screens is usually a soft screen that connects the internal contacts up and down by pressing. The inner layer contains the oxidized metal of the physical material, namely N-type oxide semiconductor (indium oxide), also known as indium oxide, with an optical transmittance of 80% and the upper and lower layers separated by the middle. ITO is the main material used in both resistive and capacitive touch screens. Their working surface is the ITO coating. The outer layer is pressed by fingertips or any object to make the surface film concave and deformed. According to the leading line number of screen, divide again have 4 line, 5 line and much line, threshold is low, cost is opposite cheap, advantage is not affected by dust, temperature, humidity. Disadvantages are also obvious, the outer screen film is easy to scratch, can not use sharp objects to touch the surface. In general, multi-touch control is not allowed, that is, it can only support a single point. If two or more contacts are pressed at the same time, they cannot be recognized and accurate coordinates can be found. To enlarge a picture on the resistance screen, you can only click "+" several times to make the picture be enlarged step by step. This is the basic technical principle of the resistance screen.
Control by pressure induction. When a finger touches the screen, the two conductive layers are in contact at the touch point and the resistance changes. A signal is generated in both X and Y directions and transmitted to the touch screen controller. The controller detects the contact and calculates the position of (X, Y), then works according to the simulated mouse mode. Resistive touch screen is not afraid of dust, water and dirt, and can work in harsh environments. But because the outer layer of the composite film is made of plastic material, its anti-explosion property is poor, and its service life is affected to some extent.
The resistive touch screen is controlled by pressure induction. The surface layer is a layer of plastic and the bottom layer is a layer of glass, which can withstand the interference of harsh environmental factors. However, it has poor hand feel and light transmittance, so it is suitable for wearing gloves and occasions that cannot be touched directly by hand.
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TONYA DISPLAY LIMITED , https://www.tydisplay.com